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Equivalent measure of support used to evaluate trade-distorting support where market price support exists but AMS methodology is not practicable for its calculation.
These do not have a precise definition and some WTO members have attempted to resolve this by listing products of interest to them. These have generally fallen into six categories, namely air pollution control, renewable energy, waste management and water treatment, environmental technologies (i.e. emission reduction, heat and energy management, environmental monitoring equipment), carbon capture and storage, and other areas that may deal with disposal, natural resource protection, etc.
In sanitary-phytosanitary measures (SPS): governments recognizing other countries’ measures as acceptable even if they are different from their own, so long as an equivalent level of protection is provided.
Environmentally-sound technology
Environmentally-sound technology and products.
European Union, in the WTO previously officially called the European Communities.
Before and after a measure is applied
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) defines an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as generally extending 200 nautical miles from shore, within which the coastal state has the right to explore and exploit, and the responsibility to conserve and manage, both living and non-living resources. Some proposals would calibrate certain disciplines depending on whether the subsidized fishing activity takes place within or beyond a member's EEZ.
In intellectual property protection, the principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on the market under compulsory licences.) Countries’ laws vary as to whether the right continues to be exhausted if the product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner’s rights over trade in the protected product. See also parallel imports.
One of the pillars of the Agreement on Agriculture covering export subsidies and other programmes which could provide loopholes for governments to circumvent their commitments, export finance (credit, guarantees and insurance) and international food aid. The agriculture negotiations cover also the activities of exporting state trading enterprises. A Decision on Export Competition was adopted by ministers in December 2015 at the 10th Ministerial Conference in Nairobi, Kenya.