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Environmentally-sound technology and products.
European Union, in the WTO previously officially called the European Communities.
Before and after a measure is applied
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) defines an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as generally extending 200 nautical miles from shore, within which the coastal state has the right to explore and exploit, and the responsibility to conserve and manage, both living and non-living resources. Some proposals would calibrate certain disciplines depending on whether the subsidized fishing activity takes place within or beyond a member's EEZ.
In intellectual property protection, the principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on the market under compulsory licences.) Countries’ laws vary as to whether the right continues to be exhausted if the product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner’s rights over trade in the protected product. See also parallel imports.
One of the pillars of the Agreement on Agriculture covering export subsidies and other programmes which could provide loopholes for governments to circumvent their commitments, export finance (credit, guarantees and insurance) and international food aid. The agriculture negotiations cover also the activities of exporting state trading enterprises. A Decision on Export Competition was adopted by ministers in December 2015 at the 10th Ministerial Conference in Nairobi, Kenya.
Export measures that have a limiting effect on the quantity or amount of a product being exported. They can take the form of a tax or a quantitative restriction. The latter is generally prohibited with some exceptions notably those applied to prevent or relieve critical shortage of foodstuffs.
Subsidies contingent on export performance covering agricultural products as defined under the Agreement on Agriculture in terms of budgetary outlays and quantities listed in members' schedules of commitments. Members agreed to eliminate all forms of agricultural export subsidies at the 10th Ministerial Conference in Nairobi, Kenya.
Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported.